Light sources: sunny rear window, halogen to the left, and camera flash. PP: Increase Contrast, Decrease Saturation, Sharpen, and Despeckle. And yes, I know I blew the highlights. I like it that way! ;-)
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Composition: Positioning of the dog is fairly strong though maybe a vertical crop would have made it stronger. Also, cropping a little off the bottom so the nose wasn't so central I think would work as well.
Exposure: Blowing the highlights can work however I think that they still need to blend with the rest of the image. To me the change from bright to dark is too drastic. However, you did well to avoid red-eye.
Impact: Being close to the dog I think is where the impact of the image is coming from, the 'In your face' effect.
Interesting idea here, but the harsh lighting doesn't really work for me. Maybe if the focus was on the eye instead of the nose? I'm sorry. :( Cute doggy though!